Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) 

—A Multifunctional Natural Compound for Anti-Inflammation, Pain Relief, and Neuroprotection

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

1. Product Overview

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous fatty acid amide belonging to the N-acylethanolamine (NAE) family. It is naturally synthesized in the human body, particularly during inflammation or cellular damage. Known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties, PEA has gained significant attention in recent years as a dietary supplement and therapeutic agent for managing chronic pain, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases.

 

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

2. Chemical Properties and Sources

1. Chemical Structure

• Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₃₇NO₂
• IUPAC Name: N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)hexadecanamide
• Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder

 

2. Sources

   • Endogenous:

     Synthesized by cells during inflammation or injury.

   • Exogenous:

     Extracted from natural sources such as soy lecithin, peanuts, and egg yolks, or produced through chemical synthesis.

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

3. Mechanisms of Action

1. Anti-Inflammatory Effects

   • Target:  Activates PPAR-α (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha), inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) (Lo Verme et al., 2005).

   • Effect: Alleviates chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and dermatitis.

 

 

2. Analgesic Effects

   • Target: Modulates the endocannabinoid system by enhancing the activity of anandamide, thereby inhibiting pain signal transmission (Costa et al., 2008).

   • Effect: Effectively relieves neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and migraines.

 

 

3. Neuroprotective Effects

   • Target: Reduces oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis, promoting neural repair (Skaper et al., 2013).

   • Effect:  Supports brain health and may slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

 

 

4. Immunomodulatory Effects

   • Target: Regulates immune cell activity and balances immune responses (Esposito & Cuzzocrea, 2013).

   • Effect: Helps manage autoimmune disorders and allergic reactions.

 

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

4. Core Benefits and Clinical Evidence

1. Chronic Pain Management

   • Students: A randomized, double-blind trial showed that 600 mg/day of PEA for 30 days significantly improved pain scores in patients with sciatica (Pain Medicine, 2016). 

   • Mechanism：Reduces neuroinflammation and modulates pain signaling pathways.

 

 

2. Anti-Inflammatory Applications

   • Study：PEA supplementation improved symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, reducing joint swelling and pain (European Journal of Inflammation, 2013).

   • Mechanism: Inhibits the NF-κB pathway and reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

 

3. Neuroprotection and Cognitive Support

   • Study : Animal studies demonstrated that PEA improved memory and learning in aged mice (Neurobiology of Aging, 2017).

   • Mechanism: Reduces oxidative stress and supports neuronal repair.

 

 

4. Immune System Balance

   • Study: PEA reduced allergic reactions and inflammation in animal models of asthma (Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2011).

   • Mechanism: Modulates mast cell activity and immune responses.

  

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

5.Comparison of Efficacy with Phosphatidylserine (PS)

1. Anti-Inflammatory Effects

   • PEA: Directly reduces the release of inflammatory factors by activating PPAR-α and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, making it suitable for chronic inflammatory diseases.

   • PS:Indirectly reduces inflammation by repairing cell membranes and regulating immune cell activity, making it suitable for mild inflammation and immune modulation.

 

 

2. Analgesic Effects

   • PEA:  Directly inhibits pain signal transmission by modulating the endocannabinoid system, making it suitable for neuropathic and chronic pain.

   • PS: Indirectly alleviates pain by reducing cortisol levels and improving neural function, making it suitable for stress-related pain.

 

 

3. Neuroprotective Effects

   • PEA: Directly protects neurons by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis, making it suitable for neurodegenerative diseases.

   • PS : Indirectly supports brain health by enhancing neuronal membrane fluidity and promoting neurotransmitter release, making it suitable for cognitive decline and mental fatigue.

 

 

4. Immunomodulatory Effects

   • PEA: Directly balances the immune system by regulating immune cell activity and reducing allergic reactions.

   • PS : Indirectly supports immune function by repairing cell membranes and modulating inflammatory factors.

 

 

 

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

6. Target Users and Usage Recommendations

1. Chronic Pain Patients

   • Conditions: Neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, migraines, sciatica.

   • Dosage: 600-1200 mg/day, divided into 1-2 doses.

 

 

2. Inflammatory Disease Patients

   • Conditions: Arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, dermatitis.

   • Dosage: 300-600 mg/day, adjusted based on severity.

 

 

3. Neurodegenerative Disease Patients

   • Conditions: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis.

   • Dosage: 600-1200 mg/day under medical supervision.

 

 

4. Athletes and Fitness Enthusiasts

   • Benefits: Reduces post-exercise inflammation and muscle soreness.

   • Dosage: 300-600 mg/day post-exercise.

 

 

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

7. Product Specifications and Quality Assurance

1. Form and Purity

   • Form: White to off-white crystalline powder.

   • Purity: ≥99% (HPLC tested).

 

2. Packaging Options

   • Small Batch: 1 kg aluminum foil bags.

   • Standard: 5 kg/10 kg cardboard drums.

   • Bulk Customization: 25 kg fiber drums (custom palletization available).

 

3. Certifications and Compliance

   • GMP: Manufactured in GMP-certified facilities.

   • International Certifications: FDA GRAS, EFSA Novel Food, Halal/Kosher.

 

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

8. Safety and Side Effects

1. Safety Profile

   • Toxicity Studies: No significant adverse effects at doses ≤1200 mg/day for 6 months (Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2015).

   • Side Effects: Rare and mild (e.g., gastrointestinal discomfort).

 

2. Contraindications

   • Pregnancy and Lactation: Limited safety data; consult a healthcare provider.

   • Drug Interactions: May enhance the effects of anti-inflammatory or analgesic medications.

 

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

9. Market Competitiveness

1. Technological Advantages

   • High Bioavailability: Micronized or liposomal PEA for enhanced absorption.

   • Customization Services: Supports blends with curcumin, omega-3, or vitamins for synergistic effects.

 

2. Scientific Backing

   • Clinical Trials: Over 50 studies supporting efficacy and safety.

   • Patented Technologies: Proprietary extraction and formulation technologies.

 

 

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

 

10. Future Prospects

1. Technological Advantages

   • Expanding Applications: From dietary supplements to prescription drugs (e.g., PEA approved for pain management in Italy).

   • Research Focus: Neurodegenerative diseases, immune modulation, and sports nutrition.

 

 

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

11. FAQs

 

   Q: Do you have a USA warehouse?

    A: Yes, we have two warehouses in California and tons of inventory.

 

 

   Q: What are the key competitive advantages of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) offered by JX Nutritional Chemical Co., Limited?

    A: We have a comprehensive quality system and third-party certifications

   • DMF, ISO, and GMP

   • Kosher, Halal

   • Third-party lab

   • GMO-free

   • OEM service

 

   Q: What are the specifications of JX Nutritional Chemical Co., Limited’s Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) products?

    A: We currently have 2 specifications

   • Fine white powder

   • Micronized powder with particle size ≤10μm

 

 

 

Conclusion

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a versatile, scientifically validated compound with broad applications in pain management, inflammation control, neuroprotection, and immune support. Its excellent safety profile and natural origin make it a preferred choice for consumers and healthcare professionals alike.

       References

   • Lo Verme, J., et al. (2005). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(14), 14079-14085.

   • Costa, B., et al. (2008). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 326(1), 12-23.

   • Skaper, S. D., et al. (2013). CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 12(1), 7-16.

   • Esposito, E., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2013). Mediators of Inflammation, 2013, 1-13.

 

 

———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

 

References

   • Lo Verme, J., et al. (2005). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(14), 14079-14085.

   • Costa, B., et al. (2008). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 326(1), 12-23.

   • Skaper, S. D., et al. (2013). CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, 12(1), 7-16.

   • Esposito, E., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2013). Mediators of Inflammation, 2013, 1-13.

 

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) Fine white powder specification

---

 

Product:	Palmitoyl Ethanolamide (PEA)   CAS: 544-31-0
Shelflife:	24months
Packaging and Storage:	Store in a cool place with containers kept tightly closed and stored in a dry and ventilated place.
Item	Standard Limit	Test Method
Appearance	Correspond to reference standard	Visual
Particle Size	90% through 60mesh	Sieve
Identification	Positive	HPLC
Purity (HPLC)	≥99.0%	HPLC
Loss on Drying	≤1.0%	ChP
Water	≤1.0%	Karl Fischer
Residue on ignition	≤0.10%	ChP
Bulk density	≥0.30g/ml	ChP
Chloride	≤0.02%	Titration
Lead(Pb)	≤0.5mg/kg	ICP-MS
Total arsenic(As)*	≤0.15Smg/kg	ICP-MS
Cadmium(Cd)*	≤1.0mg/kg	ICP-MS
Total mercury(Hg)*	≤0.1mg/kg	ICP-MS
Methanol	≤0.3%	GC
Ethanol	≤0.5%	GC
Ethyl acetate	≤0.5%	GC
Total Plate Count	≤10,000CFU/g	USP-NF-2022
Yeast& Mold	≤300CF U/g	USP-NF-2022
Coliforms	≤10CFU/g	GB4789.3
E.Coli	Negative/l0g	USP-NF-2022
Salmonella sp.	Negative/25g	USP-NF-2022
Staph Aureus	Negative/tog	USP-NF-2022
Pseudomouas aeruainosa	Negative/25g	USP-NF-2022

 

If you're interested in Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) into your supplement formulations, please reach out to JX Nutritional Chemical Co., Limited team. We will reply you as soon as possible.