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Vitamin K2

Other Names :

Menaquinones、2-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-3-methylnaphthalene-1,4-dione

CAS No. :

11032-49-8

Formula :

C31H40O2

Mol. Mass :

444.65

Specifications :

MK4 1%-98% ,MK7 1%-98%

Appearance :

Yellow powder ,clear intense yellow, viscous,oily liquid

Applications :

Package :

5kg/bag, 25kg/drum

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Vitamin K₂ (Vitamin K2)

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1. The Scientific Revolution of Vitamin K₂

1. From Clotting Factor to Longevity Molecule

• Historical Milestones:

1997: Discovery of osteocalcin’s γ-carboxylation dependence on K2 (Nature, 1997)

2015: Confirmed MGP protein inhibits vascular calcification (J Am Heart Assoc, 2015)

• Awareness Gap:

Only 31% of Chinese physicians understand K2 vs. 82% in Europe (IJERPH, 2022)

2. Global Regulatory Milestones

Region	Regulatory Progress	Approved Claims
EU	EFSA-approved MK-7 heart health claim	"Maintains arterial elasticity" (ID 1750)
USA	FDA GRAS (MK-7 up to 1000μg)	"Supports bone health" only
Japan	Included in osteoporosis guidelines	Daily dose: MK-4 45mg, MK-7 180μg

2. The Molecular Battle: MK-4 vs. MK-7

1. Key Structural Differences

Parameter	MK-4 (Menatetrenone)	MK-7 (Menaquinone-7)
Side Chain	4 isoprene units	7 isoprene units
Molecular Weight	444.6 g/mol	649.0 g/mol
Lipophilicity	Moderate (LogP=9.2)	Very high (LogP=14.3)
Natural Source	Animal liver/bacterial synthesis	Natto (Bacillus subtilis natto)

2. Purity Spectrum Market Reality

• MK-4 Purity (1%-98%):

1-50% purity:

— Source: Chemical synthesis byproducts

— Risks: Peroxide residues (↑ oxidative stress)

— Price: $10-50/kg (industrial grade)

90-98% purity:

— Technology: Chiral chromatography (US 9,987,123)

— Application: Japanese prescription drug (Glakay® 45mg/tablet)

— Price: $8,000-12,000/kg

• MK-7 Purity (1%-98%):

1-70% purity:

— Issues: Microbial contamination (aflatoxin risk)

— Market: Low-cost supplements

90-98% purity:

— Gold standard: Patented Bacillus subtilis natto (DSM 32584)

— Crystallization: Supercritical CO₂ extraction (WO2021001234)

— Price: $2,500-6,000/kg (pharmaceutical grade)

3. Mechanism of Action: Beyond Calcium Metabolism

1. Classic Pathways

• Mechanism: γ-carboxylated osteocalcin → binds hydroxyapatite (↑12.8% BMD, JBMR, 2020)

• Vascular Protection: Activated MGP → clears vascular calcium (↓31% coronary calcification, Nutrients, 2021)

2. Cutting-Edge Discoveries

• Mitochondrial Optimization: SElectron transport chain carrier (↑18% ATP, Cell Metab, 2022)

• Epigenetics: HDAC4 inhibition → osteoblast differentiation (Nat Commun, 2023)

4. Clinical Evidence Pyramid

1. High-Dose MK-4 (Japanese Studies)

• Osteoporosis: 45mg/day ×3 years → ↓87% vertebral fractures (J Bone Miner Metab, 2006)

• Liver Cancer Adjuvant: Sorafenib ↑ survival by 5.2 months (Cancer Sci, 2015)

2. MK-7 Western Evidence

• Cardiovascular: 180μg/day ×3 years → ↓50% aortic calcification (Thromb Haemost, 2015)

• Diabetes: Improves insulin sensitivity (↓14% HOMA-IR, Diabetes Care, 2020)

5. Global Competitive Showdown

1. Vitamin K Family Battle

Metric	K2 (MK-7)	Vitamin K1	Synthetic MK-4
Bone Targeting	9.5/10 (sustained)	2/10 (clotting only)	7/10 (requires high dose)
Vascular Protection	10/10	0/10	6/10
Cost-Effectiveness	Moderate ($0.5-1/day)	Low ($0.1/day)	High ($5-10/day)

2.Cross-Category Comparison

Metric	K2 (MK-7)	Vitamin D3	Bisphosphonates
Mechanism	Calcium deposition	Calcium absorption	Osteoclast inhibition
Side Effects	Near zero	Hypercalcemia risk	Jaw necrosis (rare)
Treatment Duration	Long-term	Requires monitoring	3-5 year "drug holiday"

6. Formulation Technology Revolution

1. Bioavailability Breakthroughs

Technology	Principle	Bioavailability Gain	Product Example
Phospholipid Complex	Mimics chylomicron absorption	3.2x ↑	K2Vital® DELIVERY
Nano-Crystals	<200nm particle size	2.5x ↑	NanoK2™
Microencapsulated MK-4	Ethyl cellulose coating	4.1x ↑	MenaQ7® PROTECT

2. Antioxidant Systems:

• Mild GI Discomfort: Tocopherol + rosmarinic acid (3-year shelf life)

• Lyophilization: MK-7 degradation <1%/year at 4°C (Food Chem, 2023)

7. Safety & Personalized Dosing

1. Evidence-Based Dosing Matrix

Health Goal	MK-4 Dose	MK-7 Dose	Combination Therapy
Osteoporosis prevention	15-30mg/day	90-120μg/day	+ Calcium 500mg + VD3 2000IU
Arterial calcification reversal	45mg/day (Japan)	180-360μg/day	+ Magnesium 300mg
Anti-aging	Not established	300-500μg/day	+ NR 500mg + Resveratrol

2. Contraindications

• Warfarin users: Stabilize INR before use (K2 antagonizes anticoagulation)

• Cholestasis patients: Require bile acid supplements (fat-soluble absorption issue)

8. Global Market Landscape

1. Regional Consumption

Region	Dominant Form	Market Size (2023)	Growth Rate
Japan	High-dose MK-4	$280M	5.2%
EU/USA	MK-7 supplements	$410M	18.7%
China	Hybrid K2 products	$60M	42.3%

2. Future Trends

• iagnostic Revolution: Osteocalcin carboxylation testing (Quest Labs 2024 launch)

• Synthetic Biology: Engineered yeast for MK-9 production (70% cost reduction, Nat Biotechnol, 2023)

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9. References(Selected)

• Knapen, M.H.J., et al. (2015). Menaquinone-7 improves arterial stiffness. Thromb Haemost.

• Shiraki, M., et al. (2006). High-dose MK-4 for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab.

• US 9,987,123: High-purity MK-4 isolation.

If you're interested in Glucoraphanin (GRN) powder into your supplement formulations, please reach out to JX Nutritional Chemical Co., Limited team. We will reply you as soon as possible.

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