Adenosine Triphosphate Disodium Salt (ATP-Na₂): The Science and Commercial Revolution of Cellular Energy

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1. Product Overview and Chemical Basis

1. Chemical Structure and Properties

Adenosine Triphosphate Disodium Salt (ATP-Na₂), the stable salt form of ATP—the core molecule in cellular energy metabolism—has the molecular formula C₁₀H₁₄N₅Na₂O₁₃P₃, molecular weight 551.14 g/mol, and CAS number 987-65-5. Key characteristics include:

 • High-energy phosphate bonds: 

     Contains two high-energy phosphate bonds (γ and β), releasing ~7.3 kcal/mol upon hydrolysis.

   • Stability:

      The sodium salt form significantly enhances chemical stability, with a shelf life of 2 years in solid state (vs. hours for free ATP).

   • Solubility:

      Highly water-soluble (50 g/L at 20°C), stable at pH 7.0–7.5, suitable for oral or injectable formulations.

2. Production Methods

   • Biological extraction: 

     Obsolete due to low purity (≤70%) and high cost.

   • Chemical synthesis: 

      Phosphorylation of adenosine followed by sodium salt formation (purity ≥95%).

   • Enzymatic synthesis: 

      Engineered bacteria (e.g., E. coli) with ATP synthase for green production (purity ≥98%).

3. Product Specifications and Certifications

   • Pharmaceutical grade: 

     Purity ≥99%, USP/EP-compliant for injectables or clinical research.

   • Food grade: 

     Purity ≥90%, GRAS-certified for dietary supplements. 

   • Lyophilized powder: 

     For research reagents, stored at -20°C.

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2. Core Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action

1. Cellular Energy Supply

   • Mitochondrial function: 

     Directly fuels oxidative phosphorylation for cellular activities (e.g., ion pumps, protein synthesis).

     • Energy recycling: 

       Hydrolyzes to ADP, regenerated via glycolysis and the TCA cycle.

2. Cardiovascular Support

   • Vasodilation: 

     Activates P2Y₂ receptors to release NO, reducing blood pressure (10–15 mmHg drop in clinical trials).

   • Myocardial protection: 

     Reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis by 30% in ischemia-reperfusion models (via calcium overload inhibition).

3. Exercise Recovery and Muscle Function

   • Anti-fatigue: 

     Delays post-exercise lactate accumulation (15% endurance improvement with 400mg/day).

   • Muscle repair: 

     Promotes satellite cell proliferation for fiber regeneration (animal data).

3. Exercise Recovery and Muscle Function

   • Anti-fatigue: 

     Delays post-exercise lactate accumulation (15% endurance improvement with 400mg/day).

   • Muscle repair: 

     Promotes satellite cell proliferation for fiber regeneration (animal data).

4. Neurological and Cognitive Health

   • Synaptic transmission: 

     Enhances glutamatergic signaling, improving memory (validated in aged rats).

   • Neuroprotection: 

     Inhibits NMDA receptor overactivation (in vitro models).

5. Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects

   • Inflammation suppression: 

     Downregulates NF-κB, reducing IL-6 and TNF-α (colitis models).

   • Immune activation: 

     Boosts macrophage phagocytosis (dose-dependent).

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3. Applications in Dietary Supplements

1. Main Formulations

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2. Target Demographics

   • Athletes: Enhances anaerobic performance and recovery.

   • Chronic fatigue patients: Improves mitochondrial function.

     • Elderly: Supports cardiovascular and cognitive health (combined with NMN/NAD+ precursors).

3. Dosage and Safety

   • Effective dose: 200–400mg daily, split into two doses (fasting recommended).

   • Side effects: Rare; high doses (>1000mg) may cause transient headaches or hypotension.

   • Contraindications: Severe hypotension or gout (ATP metabolizes to uric acid).

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4. Competitive Product Analysis

1. Energy Metabolism Supplements Comparison

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2. Market Share (2023)

   • ATP-Na₂: 8% of energy supplements, 25% CAGR (North America-led).

   • Creatine: Dominant (40%) but slowing (5% CAGR).

   • CoQ10: 30% share driven by cardiovascular demand.

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5. Recent Research Advances (2022–2024)

1. Anti-Aging and Mitochondrial Health

   • Capsules/Tablets: 100-300 mg/dose; recommended daily intake: 100-500 mg (1-2 doses/day).

   • Powder: Ideal for high-dose requirements (e.g., post-exercise recovery).

2. Timing

   • Cognitive Support: Take in the morning on an empty stomach or with breakfast.

   • Stress Management: Consume in the afternoon or 1 hour before stressful events.

   • Exercise Recovery: Within 30 minutes post-training.

3. Synergistic Combinations

   • PS + Omega-3 (DHA): Enhances neuronal membrane stability (Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2018).

   • PS + Vitamin B12: Supports choline metabolism.

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6. Safety and Certifications

1. Safety Profile

   • GRAS Status: Recognized as Generally Recognized As Safe by the FDA (GRN No. 851).

   • Long-Term Use: No significant adverse effects at ≤600 mg/day for 6 months (Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2015).

2. Risks

   • Mild GI Discomfort: Incidence <5% (mitigated by taking with food).

   • Contraindications: Individuals with coagulation disorders (PS may inhibit platelet aggregation).

3. Quality Certifications

   • International Standards: ISO 9001, NSF Sport, Halal/Kosher certifications.

   • Purity Verification: HPLC-confirmed PS content ≥70% (soy) or ≥98% (synthetic).

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7. Market Competitiveness

1. Technological Advantages

   • Patented Extraction: Low-temperature enzymatic hydrolysis preserves bioactivity (US Patent 9,850,321 B2).

   • Stability: Microencapsulation extends shelf life to 36 months.

2. Clinical Backing

   • Research Collaborations: 12 SCI papers co-published with Harvard Medical School and Chinese Academy of Sciences.

3. Customization Services

   • Formula Design: Supports PS blends with probiotics and botanicals.

   • Packaging: Offers private labeling and ODM services.

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8. User Testimonials and Case Studies

1. Consumer Feedback

   • Case 1: A 45-year-old executive reported "30% faster decision-making and reduced nighttime anxiety" after 3 months of 300 mg/day PS.

   • Case 2: A marathon runner experienced "delayed fatigue and accelerated recovery" with 500 mg/day PS pre-race.

2. Clinical Research Summary

   • Meta-Analysis: 23 RCTs confirmed PS’s efficacy against age-related cognitive decline (Nutrition Reviews, 2021).

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9. FAQs

   Q: How does PS differ from lecithin? 

    A: 23 RCTs confirmed PS’s efficacy against age-related cognitive decline (Nutrition Reviews, 2021).

   Q: When will I see results?

    A: Effects typically manifest in 4-8 weeks, with optimal benefits after ≥6 months of use.

   Q: Can PS be taken with caffeine?

    A: Yes. PS mitigates caffeine-induced cortisol spikes (Journal of Nutrition, 2012).

   Q: Do you have a USA warehouse?

    A: Yes, we have two warehouses in California and tons of inventory.

   Q: What are the key competitive advantages of ALPHA-GPC offered by JX Nutritional Chemical Co., Limited?

    A: We have a comprehensive quality system and third-party certifications
        1. DMF, ISO, and GMP                2. Kosher, Halal                3. Third-party lab                4. GMO-free                5. OEM service

   Q: What are the specifications of JX Nutritional Chemical Co., Limited’s Phosphatidylserine (PS) products?

    A: We currently have 9 specifications

        1. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 20% Powder  5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum
        2. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 40% Powder   5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum
        3. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 50% Powder  5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum
        4. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 70% Powder  5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum
        5. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 80% Powder  5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum
        6. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 90% Powder  5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum
        7. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 20% Liquid   5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum
        8. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 40% Liquid   5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum
        9. Phosphatidylserine (PS) 50% Liquid   5kg/Bag、25kg/Drum

        Beyond our standard stock specifications, we offer customized Phosphatidylserine (PS) formulations tailored to your specific requirements.

        Our PS is available in both soy-derived and sunflower-derived options, ensuring flexibility for diverse applications.

        All our PS products are manufactured in GMP-certified facilities and comply with international quality standards.

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10. Purchasing and Support

     • JX Nutritional Chemical Co., Limited offers high-quality Phosphatidylserine (PS) in various specifications, sourced from both soy and sunflower. 

   • Technical Support: Free formulation consulting and stability test reports.

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Conclusion

Phosphatidylserine (PS) has emerged as a star ingredient in brain health due to its multi-target mechanisms and high safety profile. By selecting high-purity, scientifically validated PS products and tailoring individualized regimens, modern individuals can achieve sustainable "biohacking" support for mental and physical performance.

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References

   • Cenacchi, T., et al. (1993). Cognitive decline in the elderly: A double-blind

  placebo-controlled multicenter study on phosphatidylserine. Aging Clin Exp Res, 5(2), 123-133.

   • Glade, M. J., & Smith, K. (2015). Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition, 31(6), 781-786.

   • Hellhammer, J., et al. (2004). Effects of soy lecithin phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine complex (PAS) on the endocrine and psychological

     responses to mental stress. Stress, 7(2), 119-126.
   • Küllenberg, D., et al. (2012). Health effects of dietary phospholipids. Lipids in Health and Disease, 11(1), 1-14.
   • Vance, J. E., & Tasseva, G. (2013). Formation and function of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells. 

     Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)

Sunflower Phosphatidylserine 70% Specification

If you're interested in Phosphatidylserine (PS) into your supplement formulations, please reach out to JX Nutritional Chemical Co., Limited team. We will reply you as soon as possible.